OPINI: Praksis Pendidikan Minus Visi, Catatan atas ”Bongkar Pasang” Kurikulum
Opini — Hans 17/8/2005OPINI: Praksis Pendidikan Minus Visi, Catatan atas ”Bongkar Pasang” Kurikulum
Oleh: ST SULARTO
Perjalanan praksis (praktik dan refleksi) pendidikan selama 60 tahun Indonesia merdeka— dalam catatan ini terbatas pada pendidikan dasar dan menengah— sebenarnya jalan di tempat.
Dari kurikulum yang pertama (Kurikulum 1968) hingga yang kelima (Kurikulum 2004/Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi), ada degenerasi dalam hal tujuan utama kegiatan pendidikan. Itu antara lain terlihat dari semakin etatifnya praksis pendidikan. Praksis pendidikan semakin tidak berorientasi pada anak (psikologi perkembangan Jan Piaget), tetapi lebih pada impuls kepentingan politik praktis.
Setiap pergantian kekuasaan dinanti dengan cemas karena setiap menteri punya kegemaran mengubah kurikulum. Padahal, setiap perubahan berdampak pada praksis pendidikan. Sampul majalah Basis Juli-Agustus 2000 menggarisbawahi catatan Sindhunata di dalamnya: Pendidikan hanya menghasilkan air mata. Ilustrasinya, air mata meleleh dari kelopak mata seorang bapak yang tertusuk pensil.
Banyak pakar dan pemerhati risau. Malah ada yang menarik tali lebih panjang ke zaman setelah Jepang masuk tahun 1942 (Slamet Iman Santoso: 1976). Praksis pendidikan di Indonesia sudah rusak sejak Jepang masuk, bersambung di zaman ”rekiblik”. Berkembang mitologi tentang peran pendidikan (Winarno Surakhmad: 1990, Mochtar Buchori: 1997), yang eloknya pendidikan senantiasa dilihat sebagai solusi keterpurukan bangsa.
Riuhnya perdebatan berakhir dengan masalah dana. Kecilnya anggaran pendidikan dituding sebagai biang keladi walaupun sepanjang sejarah Indonesia merdeka belum pernah ada alokasi anggaran lebih dari 8 persen.
Kecilnya anggaran mencerminkan belum adanya good will pemerintah. Praksis pendidikan sebagai bagian dari pembangunan bangsa sekadar slogan. Pada tahun 1980-an, ketika Indonesia tumbuh pesat berkat minyak, kemauan baik itu baru ditumbuhkan pada angka nominal, tetapi belum dalam alokasi anggaran.
Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono—dalam pemerintahan Megawati Soekarnoputri dicanangkan sebagai tekad—melangkah setapak. Pemerintah berjanji, bahkan membuat agenda setting, akan memenuhi alokasi ideal 20 persen pada tahun 2009. Pernyataan itu sudahlah kemajuan besar.
Masalah anggaran sebenarnya bukanlah satu-satunya masalah paling penting. Praksis pendidikan (pengajaran), sebenarnya bersumber dari adanya orientasi yang jelas, tercermin dari adanya kurikulum yang tidak gampang berubah.
Terkait politik
Kurikulum tidak bisa lepas dari politik (HAR Tilaar: 1995). Adagium pendidikan sebagai bagian dari nation and character building disadari sejak awal Indonesia merdeka, bahkan jauh sebelumnya, seperti dirintis Perguruan Tamansiswa (1922).
Empat bulan setelah merdeka, praksis pendidikan mulai dibenahi. Pada tahun 1947 terbentuk sistem persekolahan sesuai dengan UUD 1945, termasuk sekolah rakyat enam tahun. Sistem itu tidak sempat dipraktikkan dan dikembangkan. Baru pada tahun 1960 tersusun undang-undang (UU) yang menjadi payung hukum kegiatan pendidikan.
Sesuai dengan keputusan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) No II/MPRS/1960 tentang manusia sosialis Indonesia, disusunlah Rumusan Induk Sistem Pendidikan Nasional berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden (Keppres) No 14 Tahun 1965. Keluar Keppres No 19 Tahun 1965 tentang pokok-pokok Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Pancasila. Jiwa kurikulum adalah gotong royong dan demokrasi terpimpin.
Menyusul hancurnya Orde Lama, keluar Ketetapan MPRS No XXVII/MPRS/1966 yang berisi tujuan pendidikan: membentuk manusia Pancasilais sejati berdasarkan ketentuan seperti Pembukaan UUD 1945. Lahirlah Kurikulum 1968, sebuah pedoman praksis pendidikan yang terstruktur pertama kali (Cony Semiawan: 1980).
Tujuan praksis pendidikan menurut Kurikulum 1968 ialah mempertinggi mental-moral budi pekerti dan memperkuat keyakinan beragama, mempertinggi kecerdasan dan keterampilan, serta membina/mengembangkan fisik yang kuat dan sehat.
Dikembangkan berbagai uji coba, mulai dari apresiasi atas kegiatan yayasan-yayasan swasta, munculnya tokoh-tokoh perintis semacam Ibu Pakasi dari Malang dengan sistem modul, atau sekolah-sekolah pembangunan yang berorientasi pada kerja (John Dewey), hingga uji coba cara belajar siswa aktif (CBSA) di Cianjur.
Sampai pada akhirnya, setelah melihat suasana liberatif, pemerintah mengambil alih kendali seluruh praksis pendidikan. Pendidikan yang dulunya liberatif dan desentralistis ditarik kembali ke semangat deliberatif dan sentralistis. Swasta tidak lagi dianggap sebagai partner, tetapi pesaing (J Drost SJ: 1984).
Ketika belum semua sekolah menggunakan Kurikulum 1975, mulai dirasakan kurikulum ini tidak bisa mengejar kemajuan pesat masyarakat. Hadirlah Kurikulum 1984, kelanjutan dari diundangkannya UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. UU yang dihasilkan secara terencana lewat sebuah panitia penilai—tercatat panitia serupa pernah ada tahun 1968—dengan hasil laporan CE Beeby. UU yang mengganti UU tahun 1960 itu pun diterpa kritik.
Kurikulum 1984 dianggap sarat beban, lantas muncul Kurikulum 1994 yang lebih sederhana. Lagi-lagi kepentingan politik lebih tampil ketimbang berpijak pada kebutuhan anak didik.
UU Sistem Pendidikan No 2 Tahun 1989 pun akan diganti, dan setelah lewat proses panjang baru terealisasi tahun 2003. Bersamaan pula hadir Kurikulum 2004 atau Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK), di antaranya memuat sejumlah kompetensi yang perlu dimiliki setiap lulusan.
Dalam praktik, jangankan dengan KBK, bahkan di banyak daerah masih ada sekolah yang belum sempat mempraktikkan Kurikulum 1994, memasuki tahun ajaran 2005/2006 ini kurikulum terakhir tetaplah sebagai hidden curriculum, kurikulum yang belum dipraktikkan sebagai pedoman kegiatan belajar di semua sekolah.
Terus berubah
Panorama di atas menunjukkan, praksis pendidikan negeri ini tidak pernah lekang dari ”uji coba”. Kebijakan dan kebijaksanaan gampang berubah. Kurikulum yang seharusnya tidak gampang berubah—tanpa menisbikan faktor fleksibilitas sebagai keharusan—perlu diakui praksis pendidikan selama ini minus visi.
Akibat berikutnya, banyak kebijakan yang dilakukan seolah-olah sebagai kebijakan instan dan kurang didasari atas pertimbangan pedagogis-edukatif.
Keterlibatan emosional orangtua terhadap pendidikan dihargai sebagai unsur positif. Akan tetapi, ketika keterlibatan itu lantas menjadi pedoman dan dasar keputusan politis, semakin kuat pendapat praksis pendidikan ini berjalan minus (miskin) visi.
Munculnya prestasi-prestasi gemilang anak muda di tingkat internasional, menjamurnya calon-calon peneliti muda pada era 1980-an, perlu dicatat sebagai ”mutiara-mutiara” yang tampil di tengah lumpur praksis pendidikan minus visi. Orangtua, anak didik, dan guru merasa serba gamang oleh terombang-ambingnya utak-atik uji coba.
Ke depan, yang perlu dilakukan bukanlah utak-atik kurikulum minus visi, melainkan pemikiran serius seperti pernah terjadi pada tahun 1978. Arahnya adalah pendidikan berfokus pada anak didik sebagai pusat, tanpa mengesampingkan perkembangan global yang terjadi, dengan tetap tidak meninggalkan keterampilan sebagai membangun kemampuan sekaligus berakhlak.
Catatan ”pelapukan” ini terfokus pada pendidikan dasar dan menengah karena tingkat inilah bangunan fondasi jenjang berikutnya. Tanpa itu, pada 15 tahun ke depan, ketika Indonesia merayakan usia 75 tahun, jangan-jangan bangsa dan negara ini semakin tertinggal jauh dari Vietnam, Afrika, apalagi Singapura dan Malaysia.
SOS untuk bangsa dan negara Indonesia! Ia secara kultural sebenarnya sudah menggali liang kuburnya sendiri. (Artikel ini diambil dari Kompas)
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